Naturalization is the process through which a U.S. permanent resident becomes a U.S. citizen. To qualify for naturalization, applicants must meet specific requirements and follow a detailed application process.
Eligibility Requirements:
Age:At least 18 years old.
Permanent Residency:Be a U.S. lawful permanent resident (Green Card holder) for at least five years.
Good Moral Character:Demonstrate good moral character.
Continuous Residence:
- General Rule: Continuously reside in the U.S. as a lawful permanent resident for at least five years before applying.
- Absences: No single absence from the U.S. should exceed one year. Must also continuously reside in the U.S. from the time of filing until admission to citizenship.
Physical Presence:Be physically present in the U.S. for at least two years and six months out of the five years immediately preceding the application.
State Residence:Live within the state or USCIS district with jurisdiction over the applicant’s place of residence for at least three months before filing.
English Proficiency:Be able to read, write, and speak English.
Civics Knowledge:Have a basic understanding of U.S. history and government.
Special Exceptions:
English Requirements Exemptions are available for individuals who are:
- At least 55 years old and have been a permanent resident for at least 15 years.
- At least 50 years old and have been a permanent resident for at least 20 years.
- Have a permanent physical or mental impairment preventing them from meeting these requirements.
Application Process:
Form N-400:File Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
Interview:USCIS will schedule an interview to assess eligibility, English proficiency, and knowledge of U.S. government and history.
Naturalization Ceremony:Upon approval, attend a formal ceremony to take the Oath of Allegiance, after which you will receive a Certificate of Naturalization, proving U.S. citizenship.
Special Issues Regarding Continuous Residence:
Marriage to a U.S. Citizen:
- Reduced Eligibility Period:If married to a U.S. citizen, the general five-year requirement is reduced to three years.
- Requirements: Must be a permanent resident for at least three years, have continuously resided in the U.S. for three years, and be physically present in the U.S. for at least one year and six months out of the three years immediately preceding the application.
Overseas Travel:
- Impact on Continuous Residence: Extended absences can affect the continuous residence requirement.
- Absence Guidelines:
- Absence of less than six months does not break continuity.
- Absence of six months to one year may break continuity unless a reasonable explanation is provided.
- Absence of one year or more automatically breaks continuity unless steps are taken to preserve residence.
- Preserving Residence:
- File Form N-470, Application to Preserve Residence for Naturalization Purposes, before being absent for one year or more.
- Must be employed abroad by a U.S. entity or organization, and provide proof of employment.
